a prophet soon assumes in addition the role of the ‘king’; for after the Hijrah, there can no longer be any distinctions between ‘the things that are Caesar’s’ and ‘the things that are God’s’. If God’s kingdom is to be established on earth, the things that are God’s must coincide with the things that are Caesar’s. The law of God must be embodied in a particular kind of society; it must be commended and enforced by some executive power and not left to the conscience of the individual or entrusted